characteristics of religious diversity

This in some sense manifests as, acts as, and is not different from a host of Enjoyment Bodies (Sambhogakaya), each of which is a Buddha outside of space and time, a historical Buddha now escaped from samsara and dwelling in a Buddha-realm. John Cobbs Whiteheadian Complementary Pluralism., Hasker, William. (Krkkinen 2003; Netland 2001) The most famous of these has been the view (held by some Christians) that all non-Christians are doomed to an eternity of conscious suffering in hell. Others find it excessive that Smith accepts other traditional doctrines, such as that Platos Forms are not only real but alive, that in dreaming the subtle body leaves the body and roams free in the intermediate realm, belief in siddhis (supernatural powers gained by meditation), possession by spirits, psychic phenomena, and so on. The tradition now called Hinduism is and always has been very internally diverse. One goes so far as to say that the Holy Spirit offers to all [humans] the possibility of being associated, in a way known to God, with the Paschal Mystery [that is, the saving death and resurrection of Jesus]. (Gaudium et Spes 22, quoted in Dupuis 2001, 162) Some Catholic theologians see the groundwork or beginning in these documents for an inclusivist theory, on which other religions have saving value. Facts and Theories of Religious Diversity Scholars distinguish seven aspects of religious traditions: the doctrinal and philosophical, the mythic and narrative, the ethical and legal, the ritual and practical, the experiential and emotional, the social and organizational, and the material and artistic. The following was edited from Brie Loskota's opening remarks at Reimagining Religion: A Conversation about the Future of Religion, held at University of Southern California on February 9, 2017.. We are in a period of flux, a period of rapid and continuous change, where the old order is being torn down, where people are disaffiliating from groups, and where institutional life is being . It is also allowed that each major religion really does deliver the cure it claims to (for example, salvation and heaven, Nirvana, Moksha), and is entitled to operate by its own moral and epistemic values. The 7 Main Characteristics of Religion | Life Persona PDF How would you define diversity? - UNC Gillings School of Global Public What values are at issue? However, more recently, it has been argued that all religious doctrines, even Mahayana ones, are expedient means, helpful non-truths, ladders to be kicked away upon attainment of the cure, here understood as a non-cognitive awareness of the ultimate reality. It is hard to see, then, how his theory enables one to be, as Hick claimed to be, a pluralistic Christian, given that one has replaced the diagnosis and cure of Christianity with those of Hicks pluralism. A common form of negative pluralism may be called verificationist pluralism. This is the view that all religious claims are meaningless, and as a result are incapable of rational evaluation. Religion and religion diversity are expressed by believers to cause strong opinions and emotions in all environments. 1928) and Paul Knitter (b. If the core is salvifically effective practice, then all will be equal in that each is equally well a means to obtaining the cure. However, he maintained that people in the religions interact with it indirectly, by way of various personae and impersonae, personal and impersonal appearances or phenomena of the Real. Of adult Americans, 89% believe in God, down slightly from 2007. This, it is hoped, rules out anyone having grounds for believing any particular religion to be the uniquely best religion. Finally, because of their fit with many traditional religious beliefs and commitments, sometimes exclusivism and inclusivism are considered as two varieties of confessionalism, views on which one religion istrue andwe must view other religions in the light of that fact. (Byrne 2004, 203). This patient's religious beliefs have led him to pursue mindfulness and meditation as ways of . It is only modern people who are blinded by the misunderstanding that science reveals all, who have forgotten it. These ideas, and the fact that religious belief is strongly correlated with birthplace, convinced him that the facts of religious diversity pose irresolvable problems for any exclusivist or inclusivist view, leaving only some form of pluralism as a viable option. Some philosophers, going against the much-discussed identist pluralism of John Hick (see 2e above) use exclusivism to mean reasonable and informed religious belief which is not pluralist. In modern societies, religion and its diversity is attached to public institutions. Age diversity Age diversity means working with people of different ages and, most importantly, generations. Physical appearance becomes a way of allowing particular groups of people to feel that they are . RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY. It can be argued that Abe is an inclusivist, maintaining that Buddhism is the best religion, rather than a true pluralist. A Cross-cultural and Buddhist-Friendly Interpretation of the Typology Exclusivism-Inclusivism-Pluralism., Griffin, David Ray. Water baptism, from the beginning, had been the initiation rite into Christianity, but it was still unclear what church membership strictly required. The nation's population is growing more racially and ethnically diverse - and so are many of its religious groups, both at the congregational level and among broader Christian traditions.But a new analysis of data from the 2014 Religious Landscape Study also finds that these levels of diversity vary widely within U.S. religious groups.. We looked at 30 groups - including Protestant . Diversity also includes characteristics such as professional skills, working style, location, and life experiences. (Yandell 2013), Again, it has been objected that Hick, contrary to many religions, downgrades religious practice and belief as inessential to a religion, the only important features of a religion being that it is a response to the Ultimate Reality and that it fosters the ethical transformation noted above. These are called protected characteristics. The first part of the article deals with the European and, specifically, Croatian sociopolitical and cultural framework of inclusive pedagogy and presents its basic postulates. Even a Mahayana Buddhist may have a lot of adjusting to do, if she is to admit that believers in a personal God really do experience the greatest entity, and something which is not separate from Emptiness. Given that any core pluralism inevitably downplays the other non-core elements of the religions, this approach has also been called reductive pluralism. (Legenhausen 2006), The most influential recent proponent of a version of core pluralism has been Huston Smith. Roughly, pluralistic approaches to religious diversity say that, within bounds, one religion is as good as any other. But others teach that the ultimate reality is a perfect self, a being capable of knowledge, will, and intentional action. In this article exclusivism about religious diversity denies any form of pluralism; it denies that all religions, or all major ones, are the same in some important respect. One asserts not merely the possibility, but the actuality of salvation for those who are inculpably ignorant of the gospel but who seek God and try to follow his will as expressed through their own conscience. Has Normative Religious Pluralism a Rationale?. In their view, those who confess experience of Emptiness, Nirguna Brahman, or the One (of Neoplatonism) behold the ultimate reality (Creativity) as it really is, in contrast to monotheists or cosmos-focused religionists, who latch on to what are limited aspects of Creativity. These negative qualities include but are not limited to: being arrogant, unreasonable, mean, narrow-minded, closed-minded, uninformed, provincial, out of date, xenophobic, bigoted, intolerant, in favor of proselytism, colonialist, and imperialist. Such a person is outside of the tradition, yet obtains the cure taught by the tradition. (Cohn-Sherbok 2005). It would seem that that, for example, a Christian to accept this ultimist pluralism, she will have to reinterpret what many Christians will regard as a core commitment, namely, that the ultimate reality is personal. (Peterson et. (Neuner and Dupuis 2001, 309-10) It also seems to close the door to non-standard routes to church membership, saying that never was anyone, conceived by a man and a woman, liberated from the devils dominion except by faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. (Tanner 1990, 575) Non-Catholics will go into the everlasting fireunless they are joined to the catholic church before the end of their livesnobody can be saved, no matter how much he has given away in alms and even if has shed his blood in the name of Christ, unless he has persevered in the bosom and the unity of the catholic church. (Tanner 1990, 578), This exclusivistic or rigorist way of understanding the slogan, on which only the Roman Catholic church could provide the cure needed by all humans, was the most common Catholic stance on religious diversity until mid-nineteenth century. (Krkkinen 2003, 197-204, 309-17). Religious Pluralism and the Some-Are-Equally-Right View., Yandell, Keith. Because of this, arguably exclusivism (or inclusivism, see section 4 below) is a default view in religious traditions. The term exclusivist was originally a polemical term, chosen in part for its negative connotations. 1950) proposes what he calls a true religious pluralism, which is nonetheless best understood as a version of inclusivism, as it allows its proponent to maintain the superiority of her own religion. It is a matter of dispute whether certain famous Sufi Muslims such as Rumi (1207-73) and Ibn Arabi (1165-1240) have held to some form of religious pluralism. Exploring the trend in religious diversity: Based on the geographical Although you may be nervous about broaching the subject, it is important to discuss religious diversity so . Sometimes God and Cosmos are described as aspects of Creativity. 2013, 268-72) Third, religions differ in how much, if at all, they make empirically verifiable claims, so it is unclear that all religions will be equal in making meaningless claims. Religious diversity - differences within and between religious groups in a society - has re-entered the sociology of religion in new and powerful ways. Exclusivism, Pluralism, and Anarchy.. Paradoxically, such pluralism is often expressed along with claims that Hinduism is greatly superior in various ways to other religions. In contrast, any non-pluralist theory of religious diversity is associated with many arguably bad qualities. The Global Religious Landscape | Pew Research Center This type of diversity refers to the presence of multiple religions and spiritual beliefs (including lack thereof) in the workplace. (McDermott and Netland 2014, 148) But these are sometimes tempered with loopholes such as: a universal chance to hear the gospel at or after death, a free pass to people who die before the age of accountability, or the view that less was required to be saved in pre-Christian times. Religious and spiritual understanding and beliefs about medicine and healthcare may support or conflict with evidence-based medicine. These connections between theory and character which are believed by some to provide practical arguments for or objections to various theories need to be argued for. But it is very rare for a scholar to go beyond merely assuming or asserting some sort of causal connection between the various theories about religious diversity and the above virtues and vices. Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations, and Beliefs (Legenhausen 2006, 2009). At the same time, they argued that many people who are outside the one church cannot be blamed for this, and so will not be condemned by God. What sense, for instance, would it make for a Zen Buddhist to undergo the Catholic rites of confession and penance?
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