disadvantages of nanotechnology in cancer treatment

Disadvantages Nanotechnology offers many potential advantages, however, there are also potential disadvantages of nanotechnology, including: Health risks: There is some concern that exposure to nanoparticles could be harmful to human health, as they can easily penetrate cells and tissues. et al. Nat. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Nat. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of Nanotechnology The in vitro studies indicated that the nanocarrier developed with docosahexaenoic acid, polyamide amine and conjugated with PTX had a better anticancer activity toward upper gastrointestinal cancer cells when compared to polyamide amine conjugated with PTX [276]. An official website of the United States government. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 8c, the cell viability of various formulations was investigated on a rat C6 glioma cell line at different temozolomide concentrations. Biomaterials 32(13), 34353446 (2011), O. Harush-Frenkel et al., Targeting of nanoparticles to the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. Eng. Proc. Accessibility Control. B 3(39), 77247733 (2015), J. Zhang et al., pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles for co-delivery of doxorubicin and curcumin to treat cancer via enhanced pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic activities. Liu et al., developed graphene oxide modified with chitosan followed by conjugation with hyaluronic acid and an anti-cancer drug SNX-2112. Biomaterials 37, 447455 (2015), R. Chakravarty et al., Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tumor vasculature targeting and PET image-guided drug delivery. Therefore, it is essential to consider how we can exploit the endoplasmic retention effects to achieve active targeting. by A. Dhawan (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2018), pp. 3(1), 1 (2016), A. Wicki et al., Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: challenges, opportunities, and clinical applications. Med. This observation provides insights on the active targeting and delivery of Pc4 drug due to the conjugation of Au nanoparticles with PMSA-1 ligand and internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Release 243, 342356 (2016), S. Sabnis et al., Superparamagnetic reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanocarriers for magnetically guided drug delivery. Proc. J. Pharm. Toxicol. A review on dna nanobots - A new technique for cancer treatment Chem. J. Spectrochim. Sci. C 91, 395403 (2018), G. Arya, M. Das, S.K. Additionally, as new multidrug resistance mechanisms are unraveled and studied, nanoparticles are being investigated more vigorously. Disclaimer. 111, 964970 (2014), M. Ghorbani, H. Hamishehkar, Redox and pH-responsive gold nanoparticles as a new platform for simultaneous triple anti-cancer drugs targeting. Bogart et al., Nanoparticles for imaging, sensing, and therapeutic intervention (ACS Publications, Washington DC, 2014), Book Spoial A, Ilie CI, Motelica L, Ficai D, Semenescu A, Oprea OC, Ficai A. Nanomaterials (Basel). Natl. 12, 67596769 (2017), N. Karki et al., Functionalized graphene oxides for drug loading, release and delivery of poorly water soluble anticancer drug: a comparative study. Nanotechnology enabling the use of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as reliable cancer biomarkers. Additionally, mesoporous silica nanomaterials can release cargo in response to stimuli. 6 [188]. eCollection 2020. The in vivo antitumor studies suggested that the tumor volume drastically reduced in mice in the presence of magnetic nanocarrier, magnet and laser. Adv. 11, 20212037 (2016), K. Vimala et al., Green synthesized doxorubicin loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles regulates the Bax and Bcl-2 expression in breast and colon carcinoma. The dual drug-loaded thermo-sensitive liposomes exhibited significantly larger release rate of both the drugs at 40C and displayed synergistic inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. Sci. Chem. Therefore, the knowledge from experimentation using these models could provide a false impression about the efficacy of passive targeted nanomaterials [40]. 24, 86248631 (2018), D.C. Manatunga et al., Effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs to breast and liver cancer cells using a hybrid inorganic nanocarrier: a detailed investigation using cytotoxicity assays, fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. 2014 Sep 30;76:79-97. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.002. Int. Shaikh et al., Liposome co-encapsulation of synergistic combination of irinotecan and doxorubicin for the treatment of intraperitoneally grown ovarian tumor xenograft. J. Daima, Contemporary developments in nanobiotechnology: applications, toxicity, sustainability and future perspective, in Nanobiotechnology: human health and the environment, ed. Nanotechnology - Types, Applications, Disadvantages, Companies 12(1), 320 (2018), S.-I. Nanotechnology has the potential to circumvent several drawbacks of conventional therapeutic formulations. Nanoparticles in precision medicine for ovarian cancer: From chemotherapy to immunotherapy. Tumor-specific targeting at the surface of the cancer cells has also been explored to eradicate tumor cells. Cancer Lett. Multifunctional graphene smart nanomaterials have been developed for drug delivery and cellular imaging in cancer treatment [210, 213]. VR acknowledges the NIH (EB022641). In another study, resveratrol encapsulated PLGA [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] nanoparticles have been constructed for prostate cancer therapy. In the study, three different targeted nanoparticles and one non-targeted nanoparticle were used to study the uptake and distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in the PANC02 mouse pancreatic cancer cell line. All samples were stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate for 1min. Chupin, V.P. 46, 11381148 (2018), H. Banu et al., Gold and silver nanoparticles biomimetically synthesized using date palm pollen extract-induce apoptosis and regulate p53 and Bcl-2 expression in human breast adenocarcinoma cells. This review discusses numerous types of nanoparticles, targeting mechanisms, and approved nanotherapeutics for oncological implications in cancer treatment. Chem. Nano Lett. Rotello, Surface recognition of biomacromolecules using nanoparticle receptors. 5 [103]. The graphene oxide based carrier was found to be effective in inhibiting and killing A549 cells, and displayed lesser toxicity against normal human bronchial epithelial cells [215]. Biomater Res. Gene Therapy in Cancer Treatment: Why Go Nano? - PMC 185, 8595 (2018), C. Wang et al., Design and evaluation of galactosylated chitosan/graphene oxide nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. The use of diverse nanomaterials with desired properties and recent progress in the drug delivery arena have revealed outstanding challenges in cancer therapy and management. Soc. These liposome-based combinational formulations have significant popularity due to augmented anticancer effects, antiproliferative activity, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity while diminishing the systemic toxicity. Artif. J. Cancer Facts & Figures 2021 | American Cancer Society. Eng. 6(4), 877884 (2018), Y.-J. Epub 2010 Jan 6. Therefore, it is essential to improve new procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of BC. 4. Later, we elaborate upon the design and fabrication of nanomaterials, along with different types of nanomaterials used in cancer therapeutics including liposomes, dendrimers, inorganic nanomaterials and polymeric nanomaterials. Here, the size and size-dependent properties of the material will be the key to improving penetration into the matrix. Nanotechnology has the potential to facilitate the transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier and to enhance their pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, further advances in understanding tumor biology, understanding EPR effects in varieties of the tumor is essential. C 75, 182190 (2017), M. Alibolandi et al., Smart AS1411-aptamer conjugated pegylated PAMAM dendrimer for the superior delivery of camptothecin to colon adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. 10.20944/preprints202110.0407.v1, Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. The chemical changes can also introduce changes in the hydrophobicity of the polymer, changing the integrity of nanoparticles and thereby leading to release of drug cargo. Clin. 13, 6769 (2018), S.V.K. Polym. A few current strategies are based on the chemistry programmed into the nanosystems that are responsive towards pH or temperature, erosion due to the local chemical environment, redox reaction-based release, and enzyme-mediated release as discussed below [62]. Nanotechnol. All these observations are motivating and may change the face of cancer treatment and management. Another key issue is the challenge of regulatory approval of nanomedicines, as there are no specific guidelines set by FDA for the products with nanomaterials. 12, 69736984 (2017), N. Gao et al., Tumor penetrating theranostic nanoparticles for enhancement of targeted and image-guided drug delivery into peritoneal tumors following intraperitoneal delivery. However, limitations such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multi-drug resistance pose a substantial challenge for favorable cancer treatment. Control. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Res. Artif. Bae, Drug targeting and tumor heterogeneity. It is accompanied by a brief description of new nanotechnology methods for diagnosis. Soc. However, surface functionalization needs to be systematically studied before clinical translation. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Cells were incubated for 48h and BCL-2 siRNA concentration used is 20nM (c); Mean tumor volume determined using magnetic resonance imaging measured after 25days of the first injection. 2018 Feb 1;125:1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.014. Nat. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that doxorubicin formulations had increased antiproliferative effect and was time and dose-dependent as depicted in Fig. Diverse biomolecules can constitute a ligand, including antibodies, proteins, nucleic acids, peptides, carbohydrates and small organic molecules such as vitamins [43,44,45]. Nanoparticles (NP) have been used in tumor therapies as appropriate tools for enhancing drug delivery efficacy and enabling . PMC Kuruvilla et al., Dendrimerdoxorubicin conjugates exhibit improved anticancer activity and reduce doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Current trends and challenges in cancer management and therapy using designer nanomaterials. Mol. Photobiol. Therefore, in this critical review, we summarize a range of nanomaterials which are currently being employed for anticancer therapies and discuss the fundamental role of their physicochemical properties in cancer management. 53(46), 1232012364 (2014), J. Yue et al., Gold nanoparticle size and shape effects on cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of siRNA nanoconstructs. Cancer Res. These are responsive to pH, temperature, enzyme, light, the concentration of glutathione [283]. Likewise, functionalized carbon nanotubes are extensively used as drug delivery vehicles for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA), paclitaxel and doxorubicin (DOX) [130,131,132,133]. J. Nanotechnology provides high sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexed measurement capacity and has therefore been investigated for the detection of extracellular cancer biomarkers and cancer cells, as well as for in vivo imaging. Biomaterials 31(3), 438448 (2010), E.C. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Release 277, 89101 (2018), Y.J. 6, 286 (2015), B.S. Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1-100 nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Azhar NA, Abu Bakar SA, Citartan M, Ahmad NH. J. Nanoscale 10(18), 85368546 (2018), N. Singh, A. Sachdev, P. Gopinath, Polysaccharide functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes as nanocarriers for delivery of curcumin in lung cancer cells. Cancer biomarker; Cancer diagnosis; Nanoparticle. Rev. Biomaterials 26(15), 27132722 (2005), D.N. The extent and kinetics of nanomaterial accumulation at the tumor site are influenced by their size. USA 95(8), 46074612 (1998), N. Bertrand et al., Cancer nanotechnology: the impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology. Similarly, PLGA nanoparticles were coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or vitamin E TPGS to evaluate cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells. To develop nanomaterials for specific biomedical applications, surface chemistry design is indispensable. 7(7), 1701143 (2017), Y. Wen, J.K. Oh, Intracellular delivery cellulose-based bionanogels with dual temperature/pH-response for cancer therapy. Rev. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis. Nanomed. 7, 653 (2010), S.K. Epub 2015 Mar 23. Nat. Lu et al., Magnetic graphene oxide for dual targeted delivery of doxorubicin and photothermal therapy. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Chem. Adv. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed the distribution of the drug in organs and these carbon nanospheres exercised antitumor effect in SCID mice bearing oesophageal tumors. Since there are a multitude of smaller interactions presented by diverse complex biomolecules based on simple van der Waals interactions, the cumulative effects of these smaller interactions can hinder nanoparticles approach to their target sites. In conjunction to physicochemical properties, the nanomaterial storage and stability may also have an influence on their pharmacological performance [287, 288]. Front Mol Biosci. In addition, the challenges in the translation of nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods into clinical applications are discussed. A schematic representation of the major challenges in the delivery of cancer nanotherapeutics is depicted in Fig. Biol. Expert Opin. 517(1), 157167 (2017), M. Ghaffari et al., Surface functionalized dendrimers as controlled-release delivery nanosystems for tumor targeting. Several researchers have demonstrated that half-generation dendrimers exhibit lower toxicity than the full generation of polyamide amine [277,278,279]. J. Nanomed. Pharm Res. 1. Likewise, ztrk et al., developed a PEF modified dendrimer-based drug delivery system targeting Flt-1 (a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF)) receptor to improve the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. B Biointerfaces 75(1), 118 (2010), F. Masood, Polymeric nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Drug Deliv. Approaches for co-delivery of different chemotherapeutics have been developed as a useful method for the treatment of cancer. mRNA transcriptome profiling of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 treated with. Release 261, 113125 (2017), X. Chen et al., Co-delivery of paclitaxel and anti-survivin siRNA via redox-sensitive oligopeptide liposomes for the synergistic treatment of breast cancer and metastasis. Healthc. Nanotherapeutics are pp. 13, 24052426 (2018), B. Xiao et al., Co-delivery of camptothecin and curcumin by cationic polymeric nanoparticles for synergistic colon cancer combination chemotherapy. J. Nanomed. eCollection 2023. Currently used criteria have been borrowed directly from guidelines pertaining to bulk materials. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are known for significant adverse effects [2], with most methods targeting non-specifically any rapidly dividing cells irrespective of whether they are tumorous or not. Funct. 95(8), 46074612 (1998), G.-H. Miranda et al., Array-based sensing of proteins using conjugated polymers. Active targeting, therefore, relies extensively on endoplasmic retention effects to reach the targets. Eng. The influence of surface coating on the toxicity and cellular uptake of Au nanorods were studied revealing the surface chemistry dependent cellular uptake of Au nanorods covered with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) [PDDAC] [127]. To overcome the hypoxia-mediated chemoresistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), platinum loaded, polyethylene glycol-modified graphene quantum dots (GPt) have been utilized. J. Colloid Interface Sci. Cells Nanomed. A summary of different organic nanomaterials used as drug delivery carrier for anticancer drugs and the targets is shown in Table3. Int. 527(1), 142150 (2017), Y. Huang et al., Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with folic acid for dual target-specific drug delivery and MRI in cancer theranostics. J. Pharm. The CFPAC-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell viability decreased, indicating a PEGc polyamide amine-PEG dendrimers anti-cancer effect. Nat. The efficacy of a theranostics for prostate cancer has also been evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies [141]. Many such formulations have been approved [34], opening new avenues toward cancer therapeutics. Targeted nanotechnology for cancer imaging. An understanding of nano-bio interfacial interactions and targeting of nanoparticles to the tumor cells is essential for cancer therapy and management. Nanomedicine 2(1), 113123 (2007), G. Han et al., Drug and gene delivery using gold nanoparticles. ACS Appl. Chem. Sci. Bookshelf ACS Nano 10(4), 44104420 (2016), Y. Qin et al., Near-infrared light remote-controlled intracellular anti-cancer drug delivery using thermo/pH sensitive nanovehicle. Biomater. 140, 223228 (2015), M. Jannathul Firdhouse, P. Lalitha, Apoptotic efficacy of biogenic silver nanoparticles on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. 12(2), 251259 (2012), A. Agostini et al., A photoactivated molecular gate. Ahmed et al., Double-receptor-targeting multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles drug delivery system for the treatment and imaging of prostate cancer. The purity of the nanoparticles, surface to volume ratio, chemical composition, aggregation states, crystal planes, stability, nanoparticleprotein interactions, incubation conditions, cell types, cell treatment, and other factors may also contribute to the cellular uptake and distribution. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials affect the adhesion to cells, their interaction, and accumulation which leads to therapeutic or toxic effects [23, 100, 101]. Bookshelf J. Nanomed. 3561, T. Sun et al., Engineered nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Chem. Biomaterials 34(31), 77157724 (2013), M. Kumar et al., N-desmethyl tamoxifen and quercetin-loaded multiwalled CNTs: a synergistic approach to overcome MDR in cancer cells. 5(1), 172182 (2013), D. Bobo et al., Nanoparticle-based medicines: a review of FDA-approved materials and clinical trials to date. The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized the arena of cancer diagnosis and treatment. J. Mol. Int. Drug Deliv. In fact, most of our current knowledge is based on a few subcutaneous tumor xenograft models that divide vigorously resulting in very high EPR effects. Interfaces 8(42), 2846828479 (2016), Y. Wang et al., An overview of nanotoxicity and nanomedicine research: principles, progress and implications for cancer therapy. Eur. Sci. -. The nanosystems exhibited higher internalization degree into human osteosarcoma cells and induced almost 100% osteosarcoma cell death with a low doxorubicin loading of 2.5g/mL. Researchers at Stanford University recently have been developing nanotechnologies that give both anatomical size and location of prostate cancer cells (nanobubbles for ultrasound imaging) and functional information to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment as well as to monitor progression (self-assemblying nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging). Artif. Similarly, the cellular uptake and in vivo fate of micellar nanoparticles have been explored, wherein negatively charged micellar nanoparticles were taken up by tumor cells, and the mechanism of internalization was determined to occur through multiple distinct endocytic pathways including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis. 7a. 10, 51235137 (2015), Z.C. 3, 303312 (2005), Q. Liu et al., Differentiation of cancer cell type and phenotype using quantum dot-gold nanoparticle sensor arrays. Zhu et al., Surface properties dictate uptake, distribution, excretion, and toxicity of nanoparticles in fish. Various nanoformulations including polymeric, liposomes, and lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles have already been proposed to improve the biodistribution and targeting capabilities . Mol. 14(5), 17331742 (2018), H.-P. Yeh et al., A new photosensitized oxidation-responsive nanoplatform for controlled drug release and photodynamic cancer therapy. Nano-carriers such as liposomes, micelles, dendritic macromolecules, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes have been widely used in cancer treatment. Polymeric nanoparticles are colloidal nanoparticles wherein therapeutic molecules will be encapsulated or adsorbed or conjugated in the polymer matrix. USA 107(3), 12351240 (2010), C. Zhang et al., Specific targeting of tumor angiogenesis by RGD-conjugated ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles using a clinical 1.5-T magnetic resonance scanner. Nanotechnology could help reduce the invasiveness of some cancer diagnostic procedures. Another polymeric nanoparticle platform that is gaining significant attention as drug delivery systems is polymer micelle nanoparticles. J. doi: 10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9. 394(1), 122142 (2010), R. Jevprasesphant et al., The influence of surface modification on the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers. Eur. In a related study, to treat the multidrug resistant cancer cells with elevated Bcl-2 levels, Xu et al. Nanomaterials 8(4), 193 (2018), X. Liu et al., Targeted delivery of SNX-2112 by polysaccharide-modified graphene oxide nanocomposites for treatment of lung cancer. B Biol. Current trends and challenges in cancer management and - SpringerOpen The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 122, 311330 (2018), H.K. Stimuli responsive dendrimers enhance therapeutic efficiency and diminish the side effects. The efficient delivery of nanomaterials to the target tissues can be classified as passive and active targeting, as discussed below. Iran. Graphical illustration of passive and active drug targeting strategies. Cells Nanomed. Additionally, while it is evident that nanoparticles permeability should normally be at higher rates in hypoxic core of tumor area rather than the periphery, few studies contrast this observation [37]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0193-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-019-0193-2. Chem. In addition to the above discussion, there are tools that are currently available to shield nanomaterials for targeting cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo effects of IGF1-IONPs (insulin-like growth factor 1-iron oxide nanoparticles) and IGF1-IONPs-doxorubicin on cell proliferation and viability. Biochim. Adv. The extracellular microenvironment of tumor tissues is acidic, due to secreted lactic acid caused by glycolysis in anorexia. 12(4), 11931202 (2015), S. Zhai et al., Visible light-induced crosslinking and physiological stabilization of diselenide-rich nanoparticles for redox-responsive drug release and combination chemotherapy. Yuan et al., Surface charge switchable nanoparticles based on zwitterionic polymer for enhanced drug delivery to tumor. different materials such as natural or synthetic polymers, lipids or metals. Various ligands such as antibodies, proteins, peptides, aptamers and small molecules have been used to target specific cells [268]. In another study, iron oxide nanoparticles were used to deliver OVA, an anticancer vaccine. These nanocarriers have demonstrated to decrease non-specific toxicities, improve drug delivery profiles, enhance drug stability and bioavailability, targeted drug delivery. This approach bypasses the absorption step across the intestinal epithelium required after oral administration [28]. Nanoscale 6(2), 758765 (2014), H.K. statement and 107, 11501158 (2019), W. Zheng et al., Encapsulation of verapamil and doxorubicin by MPEG-PLA to reverse drug resistance in ovarian cancer. https://www.cancer.org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts Wu S, Zhu W, Thompson P, Hannun YA. However, more in-depth studies are required to understand the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these systems before clinical translation of mesoporous silica-based nanomaterials. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials play a significant role in the biocompatibility, and toxicity in the biological systems [284, 285]. Mater. This concentration difference on the cell surface is the basis for studies targeting cancer cells overexpressing EGFR [51, 52]. Among the inorganic nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles and metal oxides have gained noteworthy consideration due to their exceptional properties and recent progress in the fundamental understanding through the development of innovative techniques. Bioconjug. 52(2), 899912 (2015), S. Ma et al., Highly stable fluorinated nanocarriers with iRGD for overcoming the stability dilemma and enhancing tumor penetration in an orthotopic breast cancer. J. Pharm. Spectrosc. Usually, targeting based approaches exploit the subtle differences in the expression of substrate molecules between cancer and normal cells. Current standards of care combine precise staging of cancer with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgical resection. Daima, Rational engineering of physicochemical properties of nanomaterials for biomedical applications with nanotoxicological perspectives. Mater. 550(1), 170179 (2018), H. Gan et al., Enhanced delivery of sorafenib with anti-GPC3 antibody-conjugated TPGS-b-PCL/pluronic P123 polymeric nanoparticles for targeted therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. 334(2), 196201 (2013), K. Saha et al., Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing. Cells Nanomed. J. By exploiting the extended circulation property of PEGylated liposomes and biocompatibility, biodegradability and hydrophilicity of polysialic acid, a negatively charged polysaccharides drug delivery systems developed that has been used to prolong the circulation time of the liposomes, increasing the ability of epirubicin to reach the tumor sites. J. Photochem. A novel drug delivery system based on carbon nanospheres for delivery of cancer therapeutics has been evaluated for internalization, and possible mechanism of endocytosis and biodistribution in mice [206]. Interfaces 9(46), 4088740897 (2017), Y. Tang et al., Co-delivery of trichosanthin and albendazole by nano-self-assembly for overcoming tumor multidrug-resistance and metastasis.
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