ethiopia imperialism timeline

Ethiopia is the only African country to defeat invading colonists. [6] Since then many important finds have propelled Ethiopia to the forefront of palaeontology. Kassa lost his inheritance upon the death of Kinfu while he was still a young boy. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the Ethiopian army began to train with US forces based out of the Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) established in Djibouti, in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. Under Menelik II Ethiopia started its transformation to well organized technological advancement and the structure that the country has now. Parliament elects Sahle-Work Zewde as Ethiopia's first woman president, and first female head of state since Empress Zawditu (1928-1930). The Battle of Adwa showed the world that an African nation could stand up to an imperialist force and win. During this time Europe became a major world leader. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa; [1] the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. 2006 November - Ethiopian troops enter Somalia to oust al-Shabab Islamists controlling large parts of the country. [124] and of armed actions in Humera in November 2020 during the Tigray conflict. Poncet, who went there in 1698, via Sennar and the Blue Nile. Mauri, Arnaldo (2010), "Monetary developments and decolonization in Ethiopia", Dunn, John. [68] During the conquest of the Oromo, the Ethiopian Army carried genocidal mass atrocities against the Oromo population including mass mutilation, mass killings and large-scale slavery. In the north, he was confronted with an expanding Italy. [52] Each regiment was allocated a fief (Gult), to ensure its upkeep ensured by the land revenue.[53]. [119] In September 2018 in the minorities protest that took place in Oromo near the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, 23 people were killed. TIMELINE-Key dates in Ethiopia's history | Reuters The Adal occupation lasted fourteen years. [43] The territories that were annexed included those of the western Oromo (non-Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta,[44] and Dizi. By 1914 most of Africa had been claimed leaving Ethiopia and Liberia free. Ethiopia allowed the US to station military advisors at Camp Hurso. He turned his attention to conquering the remaining chief divisions of the country, Gojjam, Tigray and Shewa, which still remained unsubdued. (Kuwsh) -- Cush", "The Queen of Sheba: A Queen of Egypt and Ethiopia? These royal encampments or moving capitals would serve as the headquarters of the empire. Later, after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Benito Mussolini's Italian Empire occupied Ethiopia and established Italian East Africa, merging it with neighboring Eritrea and the Italian Somaliland colonies to the south-east. Africa Timeline - World History Encyclopedia Hundreds of thousands were killed due to the Red Terror, forced deportations, or from using hunger as a weapon. He came to the notice of the ruling Regent, Ras Ali, and his mother Empress Menen Liben Amede (wife of the Emperor Yohannes III). Religious conflict, both within the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and between them and the Muslims were often used as a pretext for mutual strife. 1818-68 - Lij Kasa conquers Amhara, Gojjam, Tigray and Shoa. Transitional government of Ethiopia, National Conservation Strategy, 1994, Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p.51, Mordechai ABIR, Ethiopia and the Red Sea, p.49. Originally thought to have been in the Orient, eventually the search for Prester John's mythical kingdom focused on Africa and particularly, the Christian empire in Ethiopia. On the death of the Ras of Amhara, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his advisor Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind. Menelik II. Ethiopia profile - Timeline - BBC News He soon after advanced against Shewa with a large army. The government's failure to effect significant economic and political reforms over the previous fourteen years created a climate of unrest. On May 5, 1941, Emperor Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa and returned to the throne. Deresse Ayenachew, Evolution and Organisation of the wa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p.88, Tsehai Berhane-Selassie, Ethiopian Warriorhood, Boydell & Brewer, p.104), British Military Administration in Eritrea, Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, "Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa;[1] the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. David M. Goldenberg, The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, p. 18. Twenty years later, the Somali region of Ethiopia remained under-developed and insecure. Italian troops used mustard gas in aerial bombardments (in violation of the Geneva Conventions) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. How Prezi has enabled trainers globally; March 23, 2023. VideoOn board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, I didnt think make-up was made for black girls, Why there is serious money in kitchen fumes. [59] This formidable gift came in handy when in July 1871 the current emperor, Emperor Tekle Giyorgis II, attacked Kassa at his capital in Adwa, for Kassa had refused to be named a ras or pay tribute. Emperor Menelik II was the leader of Ethiopia, and he successfully played European countries against each other while stockpiling weapons for his country. Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides. [citation needed], In the 17th century, Ethiopian emperor Susenyos I relied on Oromo support to gain power, and married an Oromo woman. Fasilides also constructed several churches in Gondar, many bridges across the country, and expanded the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Aksum. 1963 - First conference of the Organisation of African Unity held in Addis Ababa. Her attempt to continue in this role following the death of her son 1755 led her into conflict with Wubit (Welete Bersabe), his widow, who believed that it was her turn to preside at the court of her own son Iyoas. 2018 May-June - Government releases thousands of political prisoners, and lifts state of emergency. Issue 153 of ICG Africa report (4 September 2009) p. 2. Here are some key dates in Ethiopian political history: * March 20, 1878 - Ethiopia's battling emperors Yohannes IV and Menelik II come face-to-face to thrash out their differences. Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence. Italy launched a second invasion in 1935. The latter polity had come into existence in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa and the Harari city-state. Ethiopia sent logistical support to the Transitional Federal Government opposing the Islamists. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. African resistance movements, especially in Ethiopia; The Berlin Conference; Extension. The reign of Iyaos' reign becomes a narrative of the struggle between the powerful Ras Mikael Sehul and the Oromo relatives of Iyoas. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. [40], Oromo migrations through the same period, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. Scholars believe the Oromo converted to Islam as a means of preserving their identity and a bulwark against assimilation into Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Empire was incorporated into the Italian colony of Italian East Africa. On 7 October 2013, Mulatu Teshome was elected president of the country. The claim of African areas caused uprisings and rebellions altough many were unsuccessful due to guns. New school buildings were constructed for the Italian colonists. Combined with rising inflation, corruption, a famine that affected several provinces (especially Welo and Tigray) but was concealed from the outside world, and the growing discontent of urban interest groups, the country was ripe for revolution. When the Emperor heard that the gate had fallen, he fired a pistol into his mouth and killed himself. For other uses, see, The location of the Ethiopian Empire during the reign of. Ethiopia and Italy invaded Africa and remain uncolonized 1940. How Did Ethiopia Resist Imperialism? - Czech Heritage Ethiopia: A timeline of the Tigray crisis - DW - 11/17/2020 ", "F. M. Est. In July, Emperor Haile Selassie gave the Derg key concessions to arrest military and government officials at every level. [citation needed]. The country's first important school of higher education, University College of Addis Ababa, was founded in 1950. [8], There have been many other notable fossil findings in the country. [citation needed]. The first years of the 19th century were disturbed by fierce campaigns between Ras Gugsa of Begemder, and Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, who fought over control of the figurehead Emperor Egwale Seyon. 1913 - Menelik dies and is succeeded by his grandson, Lij Iyasu. 2016 October - Government declares state of emergency following months of violent anti-government protests. The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology, Donham Donald Donham, Lecturer in Social Anthropology Wendy James, Dr, PhD, Former Senior Lecturer in Mathematics Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11. [48], Brigadier General Tafari Benti became the new chairman of the Derg and the head of state. Power was vested in the Emperor and those aristocrats he appointed to execute his power, and the power enforcing instrument consisted of a class of soldiers, the chewa. 241f, Hanibal Goitom, "Ethiopian Emperors and Slavery", Hanibal Goitom, "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia", Amare Asgedom, "Higher education in pre-revolution Ethiopia: Relevance and academic freedom. : An Examination of Race, Ethnicity, And Othering in the Hebrew Bible. His relations with his father-in-law and grandmother-in-law deteriorated however, and he soon took up arms against them and their vassals, and was successful. In spring 1941 the Italians were defeated by British and Allied forces (including Ethiopian forces). They created the so-called "imperial road" between Addis Ababa and Massaua. There were OromoSomali clashes between the Oromo, who make up the largest ethnic group in the country, and the ethnic Somalis, leading to up to 400,000 to be displaced in 2017. In the early fourth century, during the reign of Ezana, Christianity was declared the state religion. 1916 - Lij Iyasu deposed and is succeeded by Menelik's daughter, Zawditu, who rules through a regent, Ras Tafari Makonnen. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards. Ethiopian forces were driven back far inside their own frontiers but, with the assistance of a massive Soviet airlift of arms and 17,000 Cuban combat forces, they stemmed the attack. They were replaced with two new systems. The last king of Axum who is known to have minted coins was Armah, whose coinage refers to the Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 CE. 1977 - Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam emerges as leader of the Derg pro-Soviet military regime. July 22, 2021, 4:16 AM. Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia, Paul B. Henze, November 18th 2008, p. 78. A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).[41]. Christianity was introduced into the country by Frumentius,[34] who was consecrated first bishop of Ethiopia by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria about 330 CE. Mengistu's years in office were marked by a totalitarian-style government and the country's massive militarization, financed by the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and assisted by Cuba. In 1994, a new constitution was written that formed a bicameral legislature and a judicial system. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. After the death of Iyasu I the empire fell into a period of political turmoil. 1973-74 - An estimated 200,000 people die in Wallo province as a result of famine. In order to bind him to them, the Empress arranged for Kassa to marry Ali's daughter. [118] GedeoOromo clashes between the Oromo and the Gedeo people in the south of the country led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018, with 1.4 million newly displaced people. Ethiopia Resists Colonization 1896 - Amazing Bible Timeline 1977-79 - Thousands of government opponents die in "Red Terror" orchestrated by Col Mengistu; collectivisation of agriculture begins; Tigrayan People's Liberation Front launches war for regional autonomy. Mauri, Arnaldo (2003), "The early development of banking in Ethiopia". [81], War crimes were committed by both sides in this conflict. The Early Modern period was one of intense cultural and artistic creation. The old tradition of the Ethiopian emperors was travelling around the country accompanied by their many courtiers and innumerable soldiers, living off the produce of peasants, and dwelling in temporary encampments. The Ethiopians decimated the Italians and scored a spectacular victory by using rifles and bullets they had received from the Italian government. Emperor Menelik II, now residing in Addis Ababa, subjugated many peoples and kingdoms in what is now western, southern, and eastern Ethiopia, like Kaffa, Welayta, Aussa, and the Oromos. In the north, in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia managed to repulse Ottoman invasion attempts, although losing its access to the Red Sea to them.[25]. The state of Sheba which is mentioned in the Old Testament is sometimes believed to have existed in Ethiopia, but it is more frequently placed in Yemen. 1952 - United Nations federates Eritrea with Ethiopia. The regime also conducted a brutal campaign of resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia in the 1980s. [85][86][87] Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of Dum-Dum bullets (in violation of the Hague Conventions), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the Gondrand massacre) and the mutilation of captured Eritrean Ascari and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war. 1984-85 - Worst famine in a decade strikes; Western food aid sent; thousands forcibly resettled from Eritrea and Tigre. The earliest Muslim state in Ethiopia, the Makhzumi dynasty with its capital in Wahal, Hararghe region succeeds Queen Yodit. [50], The Oromo migrations were a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the Oromo people from southern areas of Ethiopia to more northern regions. In 1509, Empress Dowager Eleni, the underage Emperor's regent, sent an Armenian named Matthew to the king of Portugal to request his aid against the Muslims. In response to Bermudes message, a Portuguese fleet under the command of Estvo da Gama, was sent from India and arrived at Massawa in February 1541. [94] In October 1939 the Italian colonists in Ethiopia numbered 35,441, of whom 30,232 male (85.3%) and 5,209 female (14.7%), most of them living in urban areas. Both the development of society and culture stagnated in this period. Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia and the Battle of Adwa: A Pictorial History March 31, 2020 Posted by: Anchi Hoh Share this post: (The following is a post by Fentahun Tiruneh, Area Specialist for Ethiopia and Eritrea, African and Middle Eastern Division.) Around 525 CE, Kaleb invaded and defeated Dhu Nuwas, appointing his Christian follower Sumuafa' Ashawa' as his viceroy. 2004 March - Start of resettlement programme to move more than two million people away from parched, over-worked highlands. The schools were highly attractive to upper-class Ethiopians. On February 11, 1855, Kassa deposed the last of the Gondarine puppet Emperors, and was crowned negusa nagast of Ethiopia under the name of Tewodros II. To do this, in 1963, he helped to found the Organisation of African Unity. Others argued that she was from the Sultanate of Shewa and a daughter of the king of Lasta, situated in Bugna. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Tewodoros afterwards devoted himself to modernizing and centralizing the legal and administrative structure of his kingdom, against the resistance of his governors. Some historians date the murder of Iyasu I, and the resultant decline in the prestige of the dynasty, as the beginning of the Ethiopian Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes"), a time of disorder when the power of the monarchy was eclipsed by the power of local warlords. Abraha later made peace with Kaleb's successor and recognized his suzerainty. The abolition of slavery became a high priority for the Haile Selassie regime. Ethiopia was colonised | African Arguments [65] The Italians notified the European powers that this treaty gave them a protectorate over all of Ethiopia. As a result, it is not known whether Dmt ended as a civilization before Aksum's early stages, evolved into the Aksumite state, or was one of the smaller states united in the Aksumite kingdom possibly around the beginning of the 1st century. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. The new Zagwe dynasty established its capital at Roha (also called Adefa), where they build a series of monolithic churches. Markessini, Joan (2012). November 4, 2020: Tigray regional forces launch surprise attack. Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam assumed power as head of state and Derg chairman, after having his two predecessors killed, as well as tens of thousands of other suspected opponents. April 25, 2023. 1999-2000 - Ethiopian-Eritrean border war, which is eventually resolved in 2018. On May 2 of that same year, Emperor Menelik signed the Treaty of Wuchale with the Italians, granting them a portion of Northern Ethiopia, the area that would later be Eritrea and part of the province of Tigray in return for the promise of 30,000 rifles, ammunition, and cannons. Read about our approach to external linking. Imperialism in Africa Timeline Activity - Storyboard That Textbooks featured the glory and power of Mussolini and promoted military careers. 1895 - Italy invades Ethiopia, but its forces are defeated the following year at Adwa. Kwame Nkrumah . Search Results. By ColePre. His mother, Empress Mentewab played a major role in Iyasu's reign, as well as her grandson Iyoas too. 1941 - British and Commonwealth troops aided by the Ethiopian resistance defeat the Italians, and restore Haile Selassie. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa. [13], Punt was a kingdom recently found to encompass the Horn of Africa by the archaeological findings of Egyptian mummified baboons in modern-day Ethiopia. The architecture of the Zagwe shows a continuation of earlier Aksumite traditions, as can be seen at Lalibela and at Yemrehana Krestos Church. WWW-VL History Index of Ethiopia a member of the www-vl history network and integrated with other members of that network, this site in a multilingual index or collection of links or pointers to internet materials relative to the African nation or country of Ethiopia WWW-VL HISTORY ETHIOPIA News from Ethiopia L'actualit du Ethiopie "'For God, Emperor, and Country!' [51] On February 21, 1543, Al-Ghazi was shot and killed in the Battle of Wayna Daga and his forces were totally routed. In October 2001, Lieutenant Girma Wolde-Giorgis was elected president. The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. Despite several attempted invasions across the Red Sea, Kaleb was unable to dislodge Abreha, and acquiesced in the change; this was the last time Ethiopian armies left Africa until the 20th century CE when several units participated in the Korean War. The church and state were very closely linked, and they may have had a more theocratic society than the Aksumites or Solomonids, with three Zagwe kings being canonized as saints and one possibly being an ordained priest.[39]. The Zagwe seem to have ruled over a mostly peaceful state with a flourishing urban culture, in contrast to the more warlike Solomonids with their mobile capitals. [102] The resistance was largely centered in the province of Eritrea. Once again, the Axumite Kingdom is recorded as controlling part if not all of Yemen in the 6th century CE. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. One of the Chewa regiments, known as the Abe Lahm in Geez, or the Weregenu, in Oromo, lasted, and participated to the Battle of Adwa, only to be phased out in the 1920s.[56]. His zealous followers, also persecuted, formed isolated communities in Tigray. During the First Italo-Ethiopian war, Italy sent. Procopius records that after about five years, Abraha deposed the viceroy and made himself king (Histories 1.20). In 1529, the Adal Sultanate's forces led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi invaded the Ethiopian Empire in what is known as the EthiopianAdal war. [75][76], Modernization became a priority for the Haile Selassie regime; it began with expanded education opportunities beyond the small old-fashioned schools run by the Ethiopian church. History of Ethiopia - Wikipedia After World War II, Emperor Haile Selassie made numerous efforts to promote the modernization of his nation. [69][70] Some estimates for the number of people killed as a result of the conquest go into the millions. According to the Kebra Nagast, Menelik I founded the Ethiopian empire in the 10thcentury BC. Imperialism in Africa timeline | Timetoast timelines Emperor Tewodros (or Theodore) II was born Lij Kassa in Qwara, in 1818. A contemporary account was recorded by the monk Abba Bahrey, from the Gamo region. A general election in 1995 to elect the Parliament also elected Meles Zenawi as prime minister and Negasso Gidada as president. [52], Gondar as a third long-term capital (after Aksum and Lalibela) of the Christian Kingdom was founded by Emperor Fasilides in 1636. Following these protests, Ethiopia declared a state of emergency in October 2016 which was lifted in August 2017. Emperor Justin I of the Eastern Roman Empire requested that his fellow Christian, Kaleb, help fight the Yemenite king. He was allegedly strangled in the basement of his palace or smothered with a wet pillow.[101]. Mauri, Arnaldo (2009), "The re-establishment of the national monetary and banking system in Ethiopia, 19411963". 1995 - Meles Zenawi assumes post of prime minister. Perceptions of this war as imperialist were among the primary causes of the growing Ethiopian Communist movement. He launches a comprehensive programme of political reform at home and diplomatic bridge-building abroad. The belief that the biblical Queen of Sheba was a ruler of Ethiopia who visited King Solomon in Jerusalem in ancient Israel is supported by the 1st century AD Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who identified Solomon's visitor as a queen of Egypt and Ethiopia. [67], As part of Emperor Haile Selassie's modernization efforts, the traditional monarchical regime was reformed through the introduction of the 1931 and 1955 constitutions, which introduced an unitary parliamentary system with two legislative bodies: the Chamber of Senate (Yeheggue Mewossegna Meker Beth) and Chamber of Deputies (Yeheggue Memeriya Meker Beth). The Allies managed to drive the Italians out of the country in 1941, and Haile Selassie was returned to the throne from his 5 years exiled in Britain. [citation needed], By 1974, Ethiopia was one of only three countries in the world to have the title of emperor for its head of state, together with Japan and Iran. Unit 6: The Age of Imperialism timeline | Timetoast timelines Italy, seeking a colonial presence in Africa, was awarded Eritrea by Britain which led to the Italo-Ethiopian War of 18871889 and the scramble for Eritrea's coastal regions between King Yohannes IV of Tembien and Italy. In December 1976, an Ethiopian delegation in Moscow signed a military assistance agreement with the Soviet Union. Lacking a detailed history, the kingdom's fall has been attributed to a persistent drought, overgrazing, deforestation, a plague, a shift in trade routes that reduced the importance of the Red Seaor a combination of all of these factors. [66] The people incorporated were the western Oromo (non Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta and other groups. In C.F. Solomonic dynasty - Wikipedia Eritrea separated from Ethiopia following the fall of the Derg in 1991, after a long independentist war. Twentieth Century African Art. An aged and infirm imperial uncle prince was enthroned as Emperor Yohannes II. c. 2000 BCE - c. 1500 CE. (1954). The Derg summarily executed 59 members of the former government, including two former prime ministers and crown councilors, court officials, ministers, and generals. Slaves could be bought and sold (but not to non-Christians), and had limited legal rights. The Geez term for these regiments is ewa () while the Amharic term is wa (). 2018 July - Ethiopia and Eritrea declare their war is over as Ethiopia agrees to evacuate disputed territory. Darge, Haile Melekot's brother, and Ato Bezabih, a Shewan noble, took charge of the young prince, but after a hard fight with Angeda, the Shewans were obliged to capitulate. [29][30] Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive and very little archaeological work has taken place. When Ethiopia Stunned the World | Origins [71][69][72] Large-scale atrocities were also committed against the Dizi people and the people of the Kaficho kingdom. Frumentius converted Ezana, who left several inscriptions detailing his reign both before and after his conversion. By 1543, Abyssinia had recaptured lost territory but the war had weakened both sides. at the end of the 16th century. [117], Ethnic violence rose with the political unrest. Regarded as the origin of humankind, it was, according to Harvard professor Ephraim Isaac about 10,000 years ago, one single nation or. The emperor was imprisoned and would die a year later. The Italian scholar Carlo Conti Rossini described her as a Bani al-Hamwiyah, while another source pointed to the Sidama people in the area called Sasu, probably south of the Blue Nile, where Aksumite rulers also obtained caravans for commodities of gold and coin, which are thought the main motive for Gudit's raid.[28]. Throughout much of its existence, it was surrounded by hostile forces in the African Horn; however, it managed to develop and preserve a kingdom based on its ancient form of Christianity. Pankhurst, "Education in Ethiopia during the Italian fascist occupation (1936-1941)." Detailed information about these two nations is sparse, and there are many theories concerning their locations and the ethnic relationship of their peoples. 1889 - Yohannes IV killed fighting Muslim forces and is succeeded by the king of Shoa, who becomes Emperor Menelik II. During the 18th century the most prominent rulers were the emperor Dawit III of Gondar (died May 18, 1721), Amha Iyasus of Shewa, who consolidated his kingdom and founded Ankober, and Tekle Giyorgis of Amhara the last-mentioned is famous as having been elevated to the throne altogether six times and also deposed six times. [54], The Sultanate of Aussa (Afar Sultanate) succeeded the earlier Imamate of Aussa. One week later, Mikael Sehul had him killed; although the details of his death are contradictory, the result was clear: for the first time an Emperor had lost his throne in a means other than his own natural death, death in battle, or voluntary abdication.
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