is lindane a severe marine pollutant

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. 0 Further see Ingestion. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. This may result in convulsions. [4] Lindane has not been manufactured in the U.S. since the mid-1970s but continues to be imported and formulated for restricted use. WebLindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA's Great Waters Program due to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans Medical observation is indicated. A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed. 49 CFR 172.322 - Marine pollutants. | Electronic Code WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Lindane Bioremediation Capability Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Subtitle B - Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, CHAPTER I - PIPELINE AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, SUBCHAPTER C - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS, PART 172 - HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TABLE, SPECIAL PROVISIONS, HAZARDOUS MATERIALS COMMUNICATIONS, EMERGENCY RESPONSE INFORMATION, TRAINING REQUIREMENTS, AND SECURITY PLANS. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. DEA methoxycinnamate. WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document 104 0 obj <> endobj [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. Abstract. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. Lindane - Wikipedia [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. 0000003215 00000 n [11][12], While adverse reactions can occur with use of low-dose topical pharmaceutical formulations, serious effects are rare and have most often resulted from the misuse of medication. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. The International HCH and Pesticide Forum has since been established to bring together experts to address the clean-up and containment of these sites. 89 0 obj <>stream WebLINDANE: ICSC: 0053 (November 2016) gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane gamma-BHC gamma-HCH: CAS #: 58-89-9: UN #: 2761 EC Number: 200-401-2 ACUTE People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. Severe Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. Marine pollution However, lindane medications remain available in Canada for public health purposes as non-prescription therapies. Toxicity of lindane induced by oxidative stress and intestinal For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. WebLindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. Severe Marine Pollutants - ReadyGo For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin). It is highly toxic to fish and honeybees and moderately toxic to most WebThe table located at Appendix B to 172.101, List of Marine Pollutants, contains two columns. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. startxref Lindane Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. Rinse mouth. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. Refer for medical attention. UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III, Prepared by an international group of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO, Refer immediately for medical attention. Lindane (Ref: OMS 17) - University of Hertfordshire Histological effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide Lindane 0000001327 00000 n In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. United Nations Environment Programme - POPs Fresh air, rest. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on Tremor. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. [1][19] The most common side effects with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. eCFR :: 49 CFR 172.322 -- Marine pollutants. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and Carefully collect remainder. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Marine pollutants (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). 0000000016 00000 n The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). Lindane Hexachlorocyclohexane The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. At the same time, a boxed warning was added to the prescription label to highlight to healthcare providers appropriate use criteria and rare treatment risks. (June 8, 2007 order). Remove contaminated clothes. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "Moderately Hazardous," and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. Air pollution on the Front Range has gotten worse, EPA It has an oral LD50 of 88 mg/kg in rats and a dermal LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. UN Classification Sore throat. Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. To explore the toxic effects of lindane and the underlying mechanisms of this toxicity, the animal model Caenorhabditis [4][5] This is not unlike other medications where the active ingredient has other non-healthcare applications. The EPA has approved the use of lindane stockpiles through 2009. Formula: C6H6Cl6 (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agencys Cancer Assessment Review Committee for lindane downgraded the carcinogenic classification of lindane from possible to suggestive evidence, concluding that the data did not support the need for further study of the carcinogenic risks in humans. (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. Lindane Rest. Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers. Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod 0000001686 00000 n 0000003713 00000 n The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. Fish, marine mammals and birds in the region are exposed to environmental pollutants, increasing the stress of the marine ecosystem. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) In 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses of lindane, limited in recent years to pre-planting seed treatments. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. WebLINDANE ICSC: 0053 IMPORTANT DATA PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE: ODOURLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER CHEMICAL DANGERS: On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and hydrogen chloride. First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention. 0000005726 00000 n Sweep spilled substance into sealable non-metallic containers. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. 0000003791 00000 n 0000001244 00000 n [7][8][9] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also includes lindane medications in their Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines as viable treatment alternatives for the management of scabies and pubic lice, consistent with the approved prescription labeling for these products. [25] In 2002, the EPA concluded that lindane agricultural products were eligible for re-registration given industry compliance with certain data and labeling requirements to mitigate occupational risks to workers. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. (see also Regulatory Status). Refer for medical attention . 0000006227 00000 n (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. Access to page content (press "Enter") Lindane and People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its [20] The majority of studies of the general population have also shown no association between serum or breast tissue levels of lindane and breast cancer. 0000001466 00000 n Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. ILO and WHO 2021. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark shall be placed in association with the hazard warning labels required by subpart E of this part or, in the absence of any labels, in association with the marked proper shipping name. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. Vomiting. 0000006190 00000 n NRDC: When the Treatment is Toxic - Pesticides in Head [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. Exposure could cause death. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. Lindane Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after Lindane has adverse effects on The authors concluded that "The California experience suggests elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. ICSC 0053 - LINDANE - International Labour Organization 125 0 obj <>stream Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. Lindane (Gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane) - US EPA (d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required -. Physical State; Appearance Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net A recent analysis concluded that a majority of pediatricians had not experienced problems treating lice or scabies since that ban took effect. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices Gyceril PABA. Transportation The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. trailer xref $>. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. The companys promotion agreement with Alliant Pharmaceuticals, which commenced in 2005, was terminated May 2007. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. [1] In 2003, the EPA reported on the results of large-scale water contaminant testing of 16,000 water systems serving 100 million people across the U.S. and found that none contained lindane levels above the maximum contaminant level standard considered safe. [1] WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. (a) For vessel transportation of each non-bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant -, (1) For a proper shipping name used to describe a hazardous material that is a marine pollutant and assigned the letter G in column (1) of the 172.101 hazardous materials table or that contains the text n.o.s., the name of the component which makes the material a marine pollutant must be marked on the package in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name unless the proper shipping name identifies by name the component which makes the material a marine pollutant. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "moderately hazardous", and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Toxicity of phenanthrene and lindane mixtures to marine LINDANE A REVIEW OF TOXICITY AND PIC [7] (see also Regulatory History) Repeatedly, the FDA has concluded that lindane medications provide public health benefits at an acceptably low level of riska factor for all medications. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. The other storms took place on November 4, 2021 and March 24, 2023. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Water | Free Full-Text | The Toxic Effects of Lindane via the LINDANE 0000002475 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. Inhalation risk In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the northern front range from "serious" to "severe." (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. It is of particular concern because of That's what the Environmental Protection Agency said after downgrading ozone standards in the This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. To use all the functions on Chemie.DE please activate JavaScript. Reacts with bases. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. 0000003484 00000 n WebInternational initiatives on Lindane include the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution; the Rotterdam Convention; the OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic, the Great [6] Mexico has committed to a structured, voluntary phase out of lindane through the North American Regional Action Plan (NARAP) but currently authorizes agricultural, veterinary and healthcare uses. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. With an accout for my.chemeurope.com you can always see everything at a glance and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. It is also a recognised irritant. Convulsions. [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. (i) At least 100 mm (3.9 inches) as measured from the outside of the lines forming the border for marks applied to: (A) Non-bulk packages, except in the case of packages which, because of their size, can only bear smaller marks. (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22]
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